The train is a means of transport such as vehicles powered by motion, either walking alone or coupled with other vehicles, which will or is moving on rails. The train is a means of mass transportation that generally consists of a locomotive (vehicle dynamics with the run itself) and a series of trains or carriages (coupled with other vehicles). The wagon train set or are relatively wide so it can accommodate a passenger or goods on a large scale. Because of its nature as an effective mass transit, some countries try to use it to its full potential as the primary means of transportation road transport both within the city, intercity, and interstate.
History
Railway history as the history of transportation that generally begins with the discovery of the wheel. Initially known carriage of only one train (series), and then made an attractive carriage of more than one series and running in a particular pathway made of iron (rail) and is called the gauge. It is used especially in the mining areas where lorries are coupled and drawn by horse power.
After James Watt invented the steam engine, Nicolas Cugnot made three-wheelers fueled steam. People refer to the vehicle as the iron horse. Then Richard Trevithick made locomotive engine coupled with the train and use it on the show in front of the public. George Stephenson perfected the locomotive that won the race and locomotive used on the Liverpool-Manchester. At that time, the use of steam locomotives constructed grasshopper. Completion for the improvements made to get more effective steam locomotive, great power, and is able to attract more trains.
The discovery of electricity by Michael Faraday made some discoveries that followed the discovery of electric equipment electric motor. The electric motor is then used to create an electric tram which is the forerunner of an electric train. Then Rudolf Diesel diesel trains bring more powerful and more efficient than the steam locomotive. Along with the development of electrical and magnetic technology is more advanced, they invented magnetic trains that have speeds above the speed of regular trains. Japan in the 1960s to operate KA Super Ekspress Shinkanzen Tokyo-Osaka route that eventually developed further so as to reach almost all of Japan. Then France operate trains similar to the TGV name.
In terms of rail
Conventional rail train
Conventional trains in Jakarta Kota Station
Conventional rail trains are a common rail. Using rail consisting of two steel rods were placed in the bearings. In certain areas which possess high levels steep, jagged used rails placed in the middle of the tracks and using special locomotives have gears, and only on the island of Sumatra and Java
Monorail train
The monorail trains (single track railway) is a railway track as a train line is not usually found. Rail consists of only one iron rod. The layout is designed to hang on a rail or rails on the tracks. Because efficient, typically used as a means of urban transport, especially in metropolitan cities of the world and is designed much like the overpass.
In terms of above / below ground level
If a city is built with cross overpass or underground, no railroad crossings so train schedules can be 1.5 to 2 minutes or so as it did in Japan. Therefore KRL in Jakarta may not be operated less than 10 minutes, because there are railroad crossings, consequently also each set of KRL is always full.
Trains surface (surface)
Trains running on the ground surface. Generally trains often met trains of this type. Construction costs for surface rail is the cheapest compared to that underground or elevated. Generally the track surface in Indonesia were built before World War II.
Railroad overpass (elevated / viaduct)
Railroad overpass goes over with the help of poles, this is to avoid cross plot, so as not to require railroad crossings. Costs incurred approximately 3 (three) times of trains surfaces with the same distance, eg for surface rail it needs $ 10 million to train overpass would need $ 30 million. In Jakarta there is a path from Manggarai to the City through Gambir station. At the center of this cross, Manggarai - City, no railroad crossings. Original plan for the eastern (Jatinegara - Monday - City) and cross west (Manggarai - Tanah Abang), will also be filed, but finances are not sufficient, so only cross midst are solved temporarily. The plan from Senayan to Brass are made Malaysia.dari monorail overpass traffic on it is composed of countries that have rangcangan sesuaikn about railroad history.
[Edit] underground train (subway)
Subway is a train that runs beneath the surface of the ground (subway). Trains of this type built by building tunnels under the ground as the railway line. Commonly used in big cities (metropolitan) such as New York, Tokyo, Paris, Seoul and Moscow. He was also used on a smaller scale in the mining area. Costs incurred very expensive, as they often penetrate 20m below the surface, this time - the building and the street, which is 7 (seven) times on the train surface. For example, when to build with the same distance to the surface requires a $ 10 million, which is below ground requires $ 70 million. In Japan, the construction of subway traffic was started in 1905.Jakarta planned to be built a subway segment Upper Hamlet MassTransit project to the City of Jakarta.
Reference
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereta_api
In this era of advanced and modern these different types of cars has been created by man. Of the gasoline, which fueled electricity to even the heat from the sun. Want to know ga, exactly who is who first had the idea to create a car? Well, let's see explanation below.
The first car was invented by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot who came from France in 1769. Cugnot was inspired when he saw the form of a horse-drawn carriage fitted with tires. Cugnot then try to make a moving vehicle with a steam engine. In 1801, the discovery of Cugnot was passed by the British citizen named Richard Trevithick.
Vehicle steam engine progressing more rapidly as developed by the Lunar Society, in Brimingham, England. Carl Benz of Mannheim is the first automaker to use gasoline in 1886. Then at the same time Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach of Sttugart also makes cars with gasoline. However, Benz first complete discovery and invention patents in 1879.
On 5 November 1895, the U.S. patent granted to George B. Selden for a two-stroke engine. This spectacular breakthrough was also made by Berta Benz in 1888. For several decades, the steam engine, electricity, and gasoline competing. In 1902 Oldsmobil producing cars at affordable prices on a large scale, and then developed a large scale by Henry Ford in the 1910s.
Development of automotive technology was rapid in the period 1900 to the mid 1920s. It is caused by a number of small car makers competing to gain the world's attention. In the 1930's the number of automobile manufacturers drastically reduced. It was only in the 1960's when the price of electronic goods cheap enough for mass produced cars and various innovations grow back.
The early history of electricity was discovered by a Greek scholar named Thales, a phenomenon notify the yellow when rubbed - rub the fur will be interesting as a phenomenon of electricity. Then after many - years after Thales ideas put forward, and then reappeared opinions - opinions and new theories regarding electricity as researched and presented by William Gilbert, Joseph priestley, Charles de Coulomb, AmpereMichael Farraday, Oersted, etc..
information about the history of the inventor of electricity is presented in bentu panel and supported by the audio device that presents visual clone of experiments - experiments that have been done by scientists.
Ben Franklin
Many people think Benjamin Franklin discovered electricity famous kite experiment in 1752, but
electricity was not discovered all at once. At first, the electricity associated with light.
People want a cheap and safe way to light their homes, and scientists thought possible electrical path.
Battery
Learning how to produce and use electricity is not easy. For a long time there
no reliable source of electricity for the experiment. Finally, in 1800, Alessandro Volta, an Italian scientist, makes a major discovery. he's soaked
paper in salt water, zinc and copper are placed on opposite sides of the paper, and observe the chemical reaction produces an electric current. Volta had
created the first electric cell. By connecting many of these cells together, Volta was able to "current string" and make batteries. It is in honor of Volta that we measured in volt battery. Finally, sources of safe and reliable electricity is available, making it easier for scientists to study electricity.
In the case of electricity, there are many leaders who have participated. Call it de Coulomb, Alessandro Volta, Hans C. Cersted, and Andre Marie Ampere. They are considered "magnate" best in the field of electricity. However, from all that, one should not forget the name of a very meritorious and is known as a pioneer in electricity and magnetism. He was Michael Faraday, a British scientist.
Michael Faraday was born on 22 September 1791 in Newington Butts, England. His parents belong to poor families. His father was a blacksmith who only have to feed ten children. No wonder if his father was unable to pay for her children's school was no exception with Faraday. To help the family economy, at the age of 14 years Faraday worked as a bookbinder and seller of books. In between jobs he use to read different types of books, especially science, physics, and chemistry.
When she stepped 20 years, he attended lectures given by renowned British scientist. One is Sir Humphry Davy, a chemist who is also head of the Royal Institution laboratory. During the lecture, Faraday notes carefully and neatly copy it back what he heard. Then, the file notes that he sent to the Humphry Davy with a job application. Apparently the professor interested and raised Faraday as a laboratory assistant at the Royal Institution in London. At the age of 21 years.
Under the guidance of Davy, Faraday showed rapid progress. Initially, it only works as a bottle washer. But, thanks to his perseverance in learning, only in a relatively short time, he can make new discoveries on the results of his own creation, which found two compounds klorokarbon and succeeded in liquefying chlorine and other gases. Thank you also intelligence, Faraday may be associated with renowned experts, such as Andre Marie Ampere. In addition, he also got a chance toured Europe with Davy. On that occasion, Faraday began to build practical and theoretical knowledge.
Davy had a major influence in the thinking and has led Faraday Faraday on his findings. Faraday first important discovery in the field of electricity occurred in 1821. Oersted two years earlier had found that the magnetic needle compass can be shifted if the normal electrical current flowed in the wire are not far apart. From these findings, Faraday concluded that, if the magnet diketatkan, just moving the wires. Working on the basis of these allegations, he managed to make a clear scheme where the wire will constantly rotating magnet adjacent to all electrical power is applied to the wire.
Indeed, in this case the Faraday had discovered the first electric motor, a first scheme uses an electric current to create something moving objects. No matter how primitive, Faraday's discovery of an "ancestor" of all electric motors used today's world. Since the first discovery in 1821, the scientist Michael Faraday This autodidact his name became famous. Inventions regarded as paving the way in the field of electricity.
Faraday's law
In experiments done in 1831, he found that when a magnet through a wire, current will flow in the wire, while the magnet moves. This is called "electromagnetic influences" and this is called a "Faraday's law". These findings are considered as a monumental discovery. Why? First, the "Faraday's law" has significance in relation to our theoretical understanding of electromagnetic. Second, can be used as an electromagnetic drive continuous flow of electricity as used by Faraday in the manufacture of the first electric dynamo.
With a variety of findings, including Faraday's no exaggeration if one of the figures who have contributed most to mankind. He was a modest, an inventor who started learning autodidact. Simplicity he showed when he rejected been knighted and also refused to be president of the British Royal Society. Due to health problems, Michael Faraday stop working. But, he continued as a professor until 1861. He died on August 25, 1867 and was buried near the town of London, England.
Thomas Edison
n 1879, Thomas Edison
focused on creating a
Light the lamp, which
will last a long time before
burning. The problem is
find strong material for
filament, a small wire
inside the bulb that does
electricity. Eventually, Edison used
ordinary cotton thread
been soaked in carbon.
These filaments do not burn at
all it is bulb;
that is, it shines.
The next challenge is to develop systems that can power
provide people with a practical source of energy to power these new
lights. Edison wanted a way to make practical electric and
cheap. He designed and built the first power plant
capable of generating electricity and took it to people's homes.
Edison's Pearl Street Power Station began a generator which in
September 4, 1882, in New York City. About 85 customers under
Manhattan received enough power to light 5,000. Her
electricity customers pay a lot for them, though. In today's dollars,
electricity costs $ 5.00 per kilowatt-hour! Currently, the cost of electricity
about 12 cents per kilowatt-hour for residential customers, and
about 7 cents per kilowatt-hour for the industry.
AC / DC
The turning point of the electric age came a few years later with
development of AC (alternating current) power systems. with
alternating current, the power plant can carry a lot of electricity
further than before. In 1895, George Westinghouse opened the first
The main power plant at Niagara Falls using alternating current. while
Edison's DC (direct current) power plants can only carry
within one square mile of his Pearl Street Power Station, Niagara
Plants falling capable of transporting electricity over 200 miles!
Electricity does not have an easy start. Many people
pleased with all the new discoveries, but some people fear
electricity and alert brought to their home. many social
critics today see power as an end to a simple, less hectic
life. Poets commented that electric lights are less romantic than
gas lamps. Maybe they are right, but the new electric age can
not dim.
In 1920, only two percent of the energy in the U.S. is used to make
electricity. Today, about 41 percent of the energy used to make
electricity. As we use technology grow, that number will continue to
increased.
reference
http://gudang-sejarah.blogspot.com/2009/01/sejarah-listrik.html
http://pandri-16.blogspot.com/2011/04/sejarah-penemuan-listrik-dan-penemu.html
More than 200 years of newspapers to function as the sole transmitter of news media to the public, and as the sole source for the public to access the same information simultaneously. The newspaper was first published in Europe in the 17th century. In Indonesia alone, the newspaper grow and have their own role in society today. History records that the product is Johann Gutenberg's printing press, has taken a significant role in the development of Indonesian newspapers of various aspects of association as an influential mass media in society. Here is a brief description of the newspapers in Indonesia.
Two Round History
In essence, the history of newspapers in Indonesia is divided into two rounds the first round of the so-called white round and the second round in 1854 by the National Awakening. Second half is very instrumental in the development of newspapers in Indonesia. The first half is half white, when Indonesia was still in a state colonized by Dutch colonialism. Called white because the paper round at the time the absolute property of the Europeans, the Dutch-speaking and Dutch-language intended for readers. The content revolves around the lives of the people of Europe and has no corresponding native life. This round took place between the years 1744-1854. The second round took place between the years 1854 to the National Awakening can be roughly divided into three periods, namely:
Between the years 1854-1860
In this period the Dutch newspaper still holds an important role in the Indonesian press, but newspapers have been published in Malay called trumpet Melajoe in Semarang, published by HC NKJV.
Between the years 1860-1880
Language newspaper with pre-Indonesian and Malay from many emerging but that the leader-paper newspapers are all people of Eurasian.
Between the years 1881 to the National Awakening
This period has its own characteristics as media workers, especially the editors are no longer of Eurasian but from many Chinese and Indonesian or referred to the natives.
Period Five Indonesian Newspapers
Newspapers in Indonesia has a long history that briefly divided into six periods, namely the Dutch, the Japanese, the time of independence, the Old Order, New Order era and the era of reform. Here's a brief description of the six historical periods:
The Dutch
In the first trial was undertaken in 1744 to publish media to the publication of the first newspaper in the Governor-General Van Imhoff as Bataviasche Nouvelles, but the newspaper has only a two-year life span. Then in 1828 was issued in Jakarta Javasche Courant containing official government news, auction news and quotes from news dailies in Europe. The first printing press in Indonesia also came through Batavia (Jakarta) via a named Nederland W. Bruining of Rotterdam and then publish a newspaper called Het Bataviasche Advertantie Blad containing advertisements and general news quoted an official publication in the Netherlands (Staatscourant).
In Surabaya alone in this period has been published Soerabajasch Advertantiebland which then turned into Soerabajasch Niews en Advertantiebland. Moderate rise in Semarang Semarangsche Advertetiebland and De Semarangsche Courant. In general, fiber-paper news that emerged at that time had no political significance because it tends to advertising in terms of content. The turnover of no more than 1000-1200 copies every day. Every newspaper circulating harulah through screening by the Governor-General in Bogor. Not only that, Belandapun newspaper published in Sumatra and Sulawesi. Soematra Courant published in Padang, Padang Handeslsbland and herald Melajoe. In Makassar (Ujung) published Celebes Courant and Makassarsch Handelsbland.
In 1885 in the entire area controlled by the Netherlands has published about 16 papers in Dutch and 12 newspapers in languages such as Malay, Western Star, the Netherlands East Indies, Dawn, Star Mexicans Abroad (published in Bogor), Malay and Tjahaja Moelia bugle, Preaching Bahroe (Surabaya) and Java language newspaper, published in Solo Bromatani.
[Edit] Age of Japan
When the face of change and the Japanese invaders to enter Indonesia, the newspaper-circulated newspaper in Indonesia were taken over slowly. Some newspapers put together with savings, but the real reason is that the Japanese government tightened terhadat newspaper content. Antara News Agency was taken over and converted into a news agency based in Domei Yashima, Japan. Content newspaper used as a propaganda tool to praise the Japanese government. Indonesian journalist then working as an employee was having a high position are the ones who accidentally imported from Japan.
Newspaper Tjahaja
One of the papers published in this period is Tjahaja (new spelling Light). The newspaper has been in the Indonesian language and publishers are in the city of Bandung. The newspaper is published in Indonesia but contains news on all the conditions that occurred in Japan. The leaders of whom are Iskandar Dinata Oto, R. Bratanata, and Mohamad Kurds.
In appearance it appears that the paper reads Shichigatsu 24th 2604, which is the same as the AD calendar date of July 24, 1944.
Period of Independence
When the Japanese government to use the newspaper as a tool of government propaganda imagery, Indonesiapun did the same to take the fight in terms of communication sabotage. Edi Soeradi doing propaganda for the people coming to the Giants Ikada Meeting on 19 September 1945 to listen to the Bung Karno. Along the way, News Indonesia (BI) experienced repeated bans during which bans employees then accommodated by Merdeka newspaper founded by BM Diah. Other struggles newspaper People's Daily is the chief editor and Rinto Samsudin Sutan Makmr Alwi where the newspaper showing the "corner" and "Bang Machete" as the article. Other newspapers published during this yan is Soeara Indonesia, Daily Guidance turned into Soeara Independent (London), Sovereignty of the People (Dublin), Democracy (Padang) and Oetoesan Soematra (Padang).
Old Order Period === === After issuing a presidential decree dated July 5, 1959 by President Soekarno, there is a ban on political activities, including the media. Requirements to get a Driver's License and Permit Sunrise Print tightened then the situation is exploited by the Communist Party of Indonesia to conduct a smooth slowdown or strike by the workers and employees of the newspaper. Employees on the job slowing setting that makes a lot of newspaper columns are not filled before the print deadline (deadline). At the end of the column is filled with free advertising. This happened Soerabaja newspaper Daily Post and Guidelines in Jakarta. During this period many cases the papers pro and anti-PKI PKI.
New Order era
In this period, the newspaper was forced to re-affiliated private get first, such as the People's Sovereignty in the days of the old order must be changed to Dwikora. It also occurs in Mind in Bandung. Even the press campus pun become active again. But behind it all, surveillance and restrictions on the press, especially in terms of content remain in place. Preaching that is considered detrimental to the government should be banned and punished by revocation SIUP performed as happens in Sinar Harapan, and Sec Monitor tabloid and magazine Tempo and Editor. The press was again overshadowed by the power of the government that tends to handcuffed the freedom of the press in making the news as well as eliminate the function of the press as a social control over government performance. Colonization rife in this period.
Reference
Drs. Elvinaro Ardianto, M.Si and Dra. Komala Lukiarti Erdinaya, M.Si, 2005. An Introduction to Mass Communication. Bandung: Teens Rosdakarya.
Anonymous. 2002. Some History Press Triangle Development in Indonesia. New York: Publishers book Compass
